scientists call for tougher treaty to protect the deep ocean

一种GydF4y2Ba 新的GydF4y2Ba 国际协议GydF4y2Ba 是GydF4y2Ba needed 警察剥削深海GydF4y2Ba because of the 上升GydF4y2Ba 威胁GydF4y2Ba 的GydF4y2Ba 深海采矿和鱼的底部拖网GydF4y2Ba ，，，，GydF4y2Ba s一种y 科学家们GydF4y2Ba 。GydF4y2Ba

sGydF4y2Bapeakers一种GydF4y2Bat a座谈会GydF4y2Bathis month(16 February)敦促GydF4y2Ba这UN to negotiate一种GydF4y2Ba新的treaty为了这深的ocean为补充GydF4y2Ba这联合国关于海律的公约GydF4y2Ba。GydF4y2Ba

研讨会发生了GydF4y2Ba在年度会议上GydF4y2Baaaas（GydF4y2Ba美国科学发展协会）在芝加哥GydF4y2Ba，，，，United States。GydF4y2Ba

“这是科学家的机会GydF4y2Ba-GydF4y2Baremote deep ocean to those who have the power in their hands to make the changes,” says Kristina Gjerde, high seas政策GydF4y2Ba一种dvisor为了GydF4y2Ba这GydF4y2Ba国际自然保护联盟GydF4y2Ba。GydF4y2Ba

这深的GydF4y2Ba 海GydF4y2Ba 组成大约两个GydF4y2Ba -GydF4y2Ba thirds of 这world’s ocean s。GydF4y2Ba 它GydF4y2Ba 开始GydF4y2Ba S的深度约为200米GydF4y2Ba ，，，，GydF4y2Ba both within and beyond zones of national jurisdiction.

But深的GydF4y2Ba-GydF4y2Ba海洋环境beplay足球体育的微博GydF4y2Bas一种re受到“迫在眉睫”采矿和FI的底部拖网的威胁GydF4y2BaSH，SAGydF4y2BaIDGydF4y2Ba科学GydF4y2BasGydF4y2Bats一种t the meetingGydF4y2Ba。GydF4y2Ba

“We’re calling for a new treaty to sew the gaps in international law that don’tcurrently在cludeb一世odiversity，，，，GydF4y2Ba保护GydF4y2Ba，，，，海洋遗传资源，，，，capacity development andtechnologytransfer为了GydF4y2Ba国民管辖权以外的地区。” Gjerde说。GydF4y2Ba

tGydF4y2Bahe UN-sanctioned International Seabed Authority (ISA) was established in 1994 to regulate矿物质提取GydF4y2Ba司法管辖区的国家外部深处。GydF4y2Ba总部位于牙买加的ISA到目前为止已批准19GydF4y2Ba矿物GydF4y2Baprospecting licences in the deep ocean around the world for companies and govern身体，包括GydF4y2BaChina and India, as well as那些spGydF4y2BaoGydF4y2BanGydF4y2Ba弄伤了GydF4y2Ba这GydF4y2Ba太平洋是land nations of Kiribati, Nauru和GydF4y2Ba汤加GydF4y2Ba[See map这是给予的GydF4y2Ba。GydF4y2Ba这GydF4y2Ba库克群岛也申请了探索GydF4y2Ba深海采矿机会GydF4y2Ba。GydF4y2Ba

But the ISA does notregulate海洋遗传资源GydF4y2Ba，这对于医疗和药品领域或生物多样性保护可能很有价值GydF4y2Ba美国斯克里普斯海洋学研究所的海洋生物多样性与保护中心主任丽莎·莱文（Lisa Levin）说GydF4y2Ba。GydF4y2Ba

“问题在于，ISA的任务是促进矿物的提取。他们没有任务来确定海底哪些部分对海洋生态系统健康最重要。”GydF4y2Ba林伍德·彭德尔顿（Linwood Pendleton）GydF4y2Ba，，，，GydF4y2Ba高级学者GydF4y2Ba在GydF4y2Ba这Ocean and Coastal Policy Program at Duke University，，，，United States。GydF4y2Ba

这GydF4y2Ba新的treatywould ensure that金融的GydF4y2Ba海洋遗传资源的收益分享GydF4y2Ba全部GydF4y2Ba国家GydF4y2Ba，，，，GydF4y2Ba和that new mechanisms一种re developed转移海洋技术并发展GydF4y2Bacapacity在this field, says Gjerde.

莱文说，在发展中国家的深海中，人们通常会发现大量的深海资源，通常在各国的独家经济区（从他们的岸上延伸至200海里）。GydF4y2Ba

“Yet those countries often don’t have the necessary expertise or technology to explore the deep seabed. So they often rely on countries that do have the technology and expertise,” she says.

“非常重要的是，我们要进行大量能力建设，信息共享和专业知识的转移，以便这些国家能够管理TGydF4y2Baheir own deep ocean resources.”

sGydF4y2Bacientists一种t the meetingalsoGydF4y2BawarnedGydF4y2Bathat extractinGGydF4y2Ba矿物s和precious metals from the deep sea could原因GydF4y2Bacatastrophic long-term损害到GydF4y2Bamarine ecologyunless仔细管理。GydF4y2Ba

新技术，陆基资源减少和高商品价格的减少意味着深海开采不仅可行，而且迫在眉睫GydF4y2Ba，彭德尔顿说GydF4y2Ba。GydF4y2Ba

“预防是必不可少的。”GydF4y2BaGjerde.“This means rules should be in place before mining begins, including measures such as environmental impact assessments, comprehensive systems of marine protected areas and the mechanisms for monitoring and controlling impacts.”

她补充说：“建立和维护共同标准很重要，以便一些不道德的运营商无法利用法律制度薄弱的国家，从而造成无法弥补的伤害，以换取很短的回报GydF4y2Ba-GydF4y2Baterm gain.”

新的采矿企业正在进行中GydF4y2Ba各种各样GydF4y2Ba太平洋GydF4y2Ba一世GydF4y2Baslands and off the African coast, as well as on the international seabGydF4y2Ba埃德地区GydF4y2Ba谎言GydF4y2Baoutside国家’jurisdiction，，，，GydF4y2BaGjerde说。GydF4y2Ba

加拿大GydF4y2Ba 一世GydF4y2Ba 一种GydF4y2Ba nGydF4y2Ba 公司GydF4y2Ba Nautilus矿物计划GydF4y2Ba mine hydrothermal vents in Papua New Guinea 莱文说，但这已经推迟了。GydF4y2Ba

纳米比亚政府正在考虑在其国家磷酸盐采矿水域中租赁深海底部，GydF4y2BaalGydF4y2Bathough去年9月它放置了GydF4y2Ba所有采矿决策的暂停18个月，而GydF4y2Ba它GydF4y2Ba收集GydF4y2BasGydF4y2Ba新的在为了mation, she adds.

“Because no mining has happened yet[anywhere in the deep sea]，有时间放一些专业GydF4y2Baenvironmentalmanagement in place,” she tellsscidev.netGydF4y2Ba。GydF4y2Ba

关键是确定矿产财富很高的地方，生态影响很低GydF4y2Ba和目标矿业有GydF4y2Ba，彭德尔顿说。GydF4y2Ba

Deep-海trawling for fish has already had terrible long-lasting impacts on the deep sea, says Gjerde.

这深的海fish populations are quickly depleted because the fish aggregate, which makes them easy to catch, and they are slow growing, living over one hundred years, says Levin.

她补充说，世界上五分之一的大陆利润率是美国和加拿大总和的大小相结合的地区。GydF4y2Ba