rosamond naylor ,Stanford University’s school of earth, energy and environmental sciences and an author of the study published 24 March in Nature, says that as the demand for seafood grows around the world so will aquaculture.
“If we don’t get it right, we risk the same environmental problems we’ve seen in land-based crop and livestock systems: nutrient pollution, excessive use of antibiotics and habitat change that threatens biodiversity,” Naylor tells SciDev.Net.
“If we don’t get it right, we risk the same environmental problems we’ve seen in land-based crop and livestock systems: nutrient pollution, excessive use of antibiotics and habitat change that threatens biodiversity,”
Rosamond Naylor, professor of earth system science, Stanford University
In a study on aquaculture published in Nature in 2000, Naylor saw aquaculture as a solution to the global decline in wild fisheries but one that led to marine habitat change, spread of pathogens and the introduction of invasive species.
Since then, say Naylor and her co-authors, significant progress has been made towards sustainable practices in the industry, including a decline in destructive habitat conversion, particularly by shrimp farming in mangroves.
In addition, pathogens, parasites and pests are a ‘chronic risk’ to aquaculture, amplified by increased trade and supply chain integration since 2000, the paper states.
Naylor is concerned that antibiotics are being increasingly used as first line defence against fish diseases, adding to the global rise in antimicrobial resistance. “The industry is all over the map in this area and big improvements need to occur,” she says.
Additionally, there is emerging evidence that climate change threatens to exacerbate these problems, says Naylor.
Reducing reliance on wild fish such as anchovies and sardines for feeds is critical to improving sustainability, she notes. “There has been huge progress in this area, both in terms of breeding piscivorous fish to be able to eat more plant-based proteins, and in terms of introducing alternative plant-based and other non-wild, fish-based feeds.”
Ronald Hardy, study co-author and director of the Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, US, stresses that aquaculture is a relatively new form of animal farming, involving more than 400 species of animals and plants.
“Fish and crustacea are farmed in ponds, pens in reservoirs or lakes, pens in the sea, spring-fed raceways and, more recently, in recirculating aquaculture systems located on land and totally enclosed,” says Hardy. “What these diverse production systems have in common is that they affect the aquatic environment […] through waste production, and they all require feed inputs.”
In Asia, marine resources are at risk if small, pelagic fish are overharvested to produce feeds for aquaculture, says Hardy. The move towards ‘vegetarian’ fish farming means protein concentrates in fish feed come from grains such as wheat and corn, or soybeans, rapeseed, or sunflower, he says.
“The new paper documents progress in production of sustainable feeds and discusses incentives to continue progress,” he adds. “Issues such as fish welfare and disease resistance are affected by feeds, so governments, NGOs and aquaculture producers all have a stake in the research.”
Freshwater aquaculture, comprising nearly 150 species of fish, shellfish and plants, accounts for 75 per cent of farmed aquatic food consumed by humans, the study found, with Asia as the biggest producer.
David Little, study co-author and professor at the University of Stirling Institute for Aquaculture, UK, says: “Most aquaculture is about fish people can afford to eat — and most of the farming of aquatic animals happening in Asian countries stays in those countries. It’s having an important impact on food security and rural livelihoods.”
Other regions, including Africa, are introducing freshwater farms but with little oversight, the study finds.
Michael Rust, science advisor for the NOAA fisheries office of aquaculture in Maryland, US, says: “As the authors demonstrate, if done responsibly, aquaculture supports a healthy economy, a healthy planet, and healthy people.”
Advances in feeds, genetics, health and husbandry documented by the authors clearly demonstrate the value of strategic investments in science over the past 20 years, Rust says.
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一项研究说,尽管水产养殖已成为全球粮食系统的关键部分,但其不受管制的增长危害环境并培养害虫和疾病。beplay足球体育的微博
罗莎蒙德·内洛(Rosamond Naylor),教授斯坦福大学地球学校,活力和环境科beplay足球体育的微博学和该研究的作者于3月24日发表自然,says that as the demand for seafood grows around the world so will aquaculture.
“如果我们不正确,我们会冒着在陆基农作物和beplay足球体育的微博家畜systems: nutrient污染,过度使用抗生素和栖息地的变化生物多样性,” Naylor告诉scidev.net。
“如果我们不正确,我们会冒着在陆基农作物和beplay足球体育的微博家畜systems: nutrient pollution, excessive use of antibiotics and habitat change that threatens biodiversity,”
斯坦福大学地球系统科学教授Rosamond Naylor
In a study on aquaculture published in自然2000年,内勒将水产养殖视为解决野生全球下降的解决方案fisheries但是,导致海洋栖息地变化,病原体的传播和入侵物种的引入。
Since then, say Naylor and her co-authors, significant progress has been made towards sustainable practices in the industry, including a decline in destructive habitat conversion, particularly by shrimp farming in mangroves.
此外,病原体,寄生虫和害虫‘chronic risk’ to aquaculture, amplified by increased trade and supply chain integration since 2000, the paper states.
Naylor is concerned that antibiotics are being increasingly used as first line defence against fish diseases, adding to the global rise in antimicrobial resistance. “The industry is all over the map in this area and big improvements need to occur,” she says.
此外,还有新的证据表明气候变化Naylor说,威胁要加剧这些问题。
减少对野生鱼类(例如凤尾鱼和沙丁鱼的饲料)的依赖,对于改善可持续性,她指出。“这一领域取得了巨大进展,无论是在繁殖食道鱼以能够吃更多的植物性蛋白质,以及引入替代植物性植物性和其他非野生饲料的替代植物饲料而言。”
罗纳德·哈迪,研究合着者兼水产养殖研究所主任爱达荷大学,美国,强调水产养殖是一种相对较新的动物形式农业,涉及400多种动物和植物。
Hardy说:“鱼类和甲壳纲在池塘,水库或湖泊中的笔,海中的笔,弹簧式跑道以及最近在陆地上重新循环的水产养殖系统并完全封闭的水。”“这些多样化的生产系统的共同点是它们会影响水生beplay足球体育的微博[…]通过废物生产,它们都需要饲料输入。”
In Asia, marine resources are at risk if small, pelagic fish are overharvested to produce feeds for aquaculture, says Hardy. The move towards ‘vegetarian’ fish farming means protein concentrates in fish feed come from grains such as wheat and corn, or soybeans, rapeseed, or sunflower, he says.
他补充说:“新论文记录了可持续饲料生产的进展,并讨论了继续进步的激励措施。”“鱼类福利和抗病性等问题受饲料的影响,因此政府,非政府组织和水产养殖生产者都在研究中占有兴趣。”
这项研究发现,亚洲是亚洲最大的生产国,占养殖水生食物的75%,占养殖水生食物的75%。
大卫·利特尔,研究合着者和教授斯特林大学英国水产养殖研究所说:“大多数水产养殖都是关于人们可以承受的食物的 - 亚洲国家发生的水生动物的大部分耕种都留在这些国家。这对粮食安全和农村生计产生了重要影响。”
该研究发现,包括非洲在内的其他地区正在引入淡水农场,但没有监督。
迈克尔·鲁斯特,科学顾问NOAA美国马里兰州的水产养殖办公室说:“正如作者表明的那样,如果负责任地完成了水产养殖,则支持健康的经济,健康的星球和健康的人。”
Rust说,作者记录的饲料,遗传学,健康和畜牧业的进展清楚地表明了过去20年中战略投资在科学上的价值。