A Brazilian health professional preparing a vaccine. From Egypt to Brazil, countries have started work on their own COVID-19 vaccinations in the face of a so-called 'vaccine apartheid'. Copyright:IMF/ Raphael Alves,(CC BY-NC-ND 2.0).
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Covax到2021年的目标几乎三分之一
Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Brazil launching early stage human trials of home-grown vaccines
AstraZeneca, Sinovac, Sinopharm signing manufacturing deals with developing countries
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From Egypt to Brazil, countries have started work on their own COVID-19 vaccinations in the face of a so-called vaccine apartheid, where rich countries have started rolling out booster shots while double vaccination rates remain under three per cent in many low-income countries.
COVAX, the facility set up by governments and donors to ensure fair and equitable access to vaccines, says it will miss its target to distribute two billion doses by the end of 2021.
根据latest supply forecastissued on 8 September, the facility is now expecting 1.4 billion doses of the vaccine in 2021 – a shortfall of nearly a third.
“这个模型是完全成功的,因为它顾arantees that Brazil has the sustainability of supplying vaccines to a continental country.”
巴西卫生部国家免疫计划的协调员卡拉·迪明斯(Carla Domingues)2011- 2019年
In response, developing countries have taken steps for the manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines through two tracks, one of which is the manufacture of vaccines currently circulating through partnerships with international companies, and the other is through the development of new local vaccines.
Egypt, for example, has launched human trials for its home-made vaccine Covi-Vax, following successful laboratory tests.
“The Egyptian Medicines Authority gave its approval to manufacture the first batch of vaccine doses under the name ‘Covi-Vax’ for use in clinical trials,” Mohamed Ahmed Ali, professor of virology at the National Research Centre and head of the research team for the production of the vaccine, toldSciDev.Net.
He explained that the Egyptian vaccine, which generated a good antibody response during lab trials, contains four proteins taken from the virus.
今年早些时候,沙特阿拉伯的研究人员宣布,使用质粒DNA技术在Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University的研究人员开发的疫苗开始了早期人类试验。
Several Brazilian research institutes are also betting on the development of home-grown vaccines against COVID-19.
The Indian government also plans to launch ZycoV-D, the world’s first DNA vaccine, that is being produced by Zydus Cadila, a private company, in partnership with India’s Department of Biotechnology. This will allow expansion of the existing vaccination programme to include children and adolescents.
In Singapore, three mRNA vaccines developed by the US company Arcturus Therapeutics are undergoing mid-stage human trials to check their efficacy. MRNA vaccines effectively teach cells how to make a protein, or part of a protein, that triggers an immune response inside the body.
One jab targets the original Sars-CoV-2 virus and was developed together with the Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore. Two other jabs have been designed to target the four variants of concern, Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta.
Manufacturing deals
The development of these home-grown vaccines follows a number of agreements where developing countries have begun to take on manufacturing of vaccines developed in Europe, the US or China.
In Brazil, which has one of the largest vaccination rates in Latin America, around two thirds of the population has received at least one dose, many of which were thanks to technology transfer agreements between Brazilian laboratories and international pharmaceutical companies.
When the first cases of COVID-19 emerged, Sao Paulo’s Butantan Institute contacted a number of Chinese companies, seeking to bring a vaccine to Brazil.
In July 2020, the institute backed large-scale human trials of Sinovac’s Coronavac inactivated virus vaccine. In exchange, Sinovac committed to transferring technology to the Brazilian institute.
Currently, Butantan imports raw material from China and packages the vaccine in Brazil. For the next phase of the technology transfer agreement, a factory is being prepared to start producing doses.
Oswaldo Cruz基金会,一个联邦研究centre linked to the Ministry of Health, which includes a unit that produces vaccines, began negotiations with the vaccine-maker AstraZeneca in the first half of 2020.
As a result, the Anglo-Swedish drugmaker’s Covishield viral vector vaccine also underwent large-scale human trials in Brazil, and today it is being produced in the country with raw materials imported from abroad.
“这个模型是完全成功的,因为它顾arantees that Brazil has the sustainability of supplying vaccines to a continental country,” epidemiologist Carla Domingues, who coordinated the National Immunization Program of the Brazilian Ministry of Health between 2011 and 2019, tellsSciDev.Net.
In September this year, the Egyptian Minister of Health, Hala Zayed, announced an ambitious plan to produce more than 1 billion doses of the jab annually, thereby becoming “the largest producer of vaccines in Africa and the Middle East”, she said.
Morocco has also launched a project to produce China’s Sinopharm jab locally. The state-owned Moroccan Press Agency announced on 5 July that Rabat plans to produce 5 million doses per month.
Indonesia is also in talks with the WHO as well as six drug companies to become a global hub for manufacturing vaccines, according to health minister Budi Gunadi Sadikin.
However, Amjad Al-Khouli, an epidemiology consultant at the WHO’s Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, pointed out that technology transfer deals are dependent on existing capacity and can be overshadowed by intellectual property concerns.
“This still requires agreements to transfer vaccine manufacturing technology, solve the issue of intellectual property, and a strong drug manufacturing structure, which is not available in most developing countries,” Al-Khouli tellsSciDev.Net.
Yet richer countries are stepping in to help build up critical vaccine manufacturing infrastructure.
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