13/12/21

Road to COP27: nature, people and carbon markets

River fishing artisanal
一个练习手工捕鱼的土著人。土著领导人对净零提案将构成绿化,这可能使他们处于碳市场的新景观中。版权:Juan Carlos Huayllapuma/Cifor,,,,(CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)。

速度阅读

  • Voluntary carbon market details set out at COP26
  • 社区警告信贷系统允许污染继续
  • Indigenous peoples wary of carbon offset projects

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With carbon markets set to expand worldwide, forest and other indigenous communities fear their land could be up for grabs as governments and companies pivot towards net zero emissions.

有关自愿碳市场可能运作的详细信息充实在格拉斯哥的COP26气候峰会上。碳信贷允许公司或政府继续生产排放量,以换取保存或创造碳水槽的项目,例如土地修复或种植。

碳市场倡导者认为,类似的上限和交易模型 - 例如与1979 air pollution treaty解决酸雨 - 成功管理复杂的跨国环境问题。beplay足球体育的微博

但是并不是每个人都那么热情。Indigenous and climate-vulnerable communities have flagged what they say are the potential pitfalls that could come from a greater focus on carbon credits and offsetting via so-called ‘nature-based solutions’ that protect, manage or restore the environment so that it stores more carbon.

Community leaders say it is essential to embed robust monitoring and grievance mechanisms into carbon markets.

尽管1997年京都协议的碳信贷市场出现了,但格拉斯哥2021年气候峰会的当事方设定了制定新框架以实施2015年巴黎协定的任务。

根据今年的总统职位的说法,“巴黎规则手册”的需求中的主要需求是“通过创建一个支持转移到零净零的碳信用额的强大碳信用系统来找到“对碳市场的解决方案”。结果是一个15页的文档,包括碳市场指南和碳信贷 - 称为“国际转移的缓解结果”。

Herein lies opportunity for communities in the global South to financially benefit from carbon credit systems, says Frances Seymour, a leading researcher from the World Resources Institute.

“The revenue flows from carbon credits are a good thing both in terms of incentivising governments to protect their forests, but also through benefit sharing, getting revenues to the actual people who are conserving forests – who are often indigenous peoples,” says Seymour.

但是土著领导人说,这种碳偏移项目包括所谓的“清洁能源”项目,例如水力发电和生物燃料,这些项目可能需要进入供应水和食物的居住土地,支持生计,并且是文化和精神信仰的核心。

“零净为基于自然的解决方案打开了大门,让位于自然过程的财务化,该过程将大地母亲的周期和功能分开,量化和私有化,将自然变成自然单位,以在金融和投机市场中出售。”,土著环境网络执行董事。beplay足球体育的微博

无法恢复

反对主要的基础设施项目可能对当地社区进行致命。非营利性全球证人说227土地和环境活动家beplay足球体育的微博were murdered in 2020 – the highest recorded number for the second year in a row. At least 30 per cent of recorded attacks were reportedly linked to opposition to hydroelectric dams, large-scale agribusiness, mining and logging.

森林和受保护的景观不仅对依赖它们的社区至关重要,而且还保持着重要的碳储存。超过20%的“不可恢复的碳”在受保护的地区,有33.6%的保护土地由土著人民和地方社区管理,这是国际保护发表在自然的可持续性last month reported.

无法恢复carbon is a new concept that refers to carbon stocks that, if lost, would represent a permanent withdrawal from the world’s ‘carbon budget’ – the amount of carbon that humans can emit while remaining with 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming.

无法恢复carbon can be secured by allocating international finance to prioritise the protection of relevant lands and supporting indigenous peoples and local communities’ rights, say the authors, including joint director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, Johan Rockström.

REDD+, TREES 2.0 and LEAF

According to one of the world’s peak climate science bodies, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the activity with the greatest potential to reduce agriculture, forestry and other land use sector emissions this is the REDD+ forest programme.

A framework adopted at the 2013 climate summit, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries has courted controversy ever since.

REDD+是指减少发展中国家森林砍伐或退化释放的排放,以及保护和增强森林碳股的作用。

虽然大规模植树正在成为一种日益流行的缓解方法,但科学家警告比无知的植树或野生计划可能会对生态系统和社区造成长期损害,例如通过抹杀古老的草原。

国际林业研究中心(CIFOR)和世界农林业(ICRAF)的研究人员警告说,气候危机的紧迫性不得超越平等和正义。他们说,变革需要考虑而不是“银子弹”,而土著和当地社区必须“将其作为'眼睛级别的'合作伙伴和变革者,而不是项目受益人”。

他们说,加速森林金融(LEAF)联盟的降低排放是“金融和森林的重大公告”。该联盟是由英国,美国,挪威和一系列大型全球公司启动的,并试图支持公司减少供应链的排放,同时协助国家向公司出售基于森林的碳信用额,以实现零净。

几个发展中国家已签署叶联盟,包括巴西、布基纳法索、圭亚那、墨西哥、Kenya and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The coalition announced at COP26 that it had mobilised US$1 billion for activities in tropical and sub-tropical forests.

Seymour是REDD+交易的建筑主席,也是自愿碳市场诚信计划的专家咨询小组的成员。她说,更新的合规指南树2.0,将使各国和国家司法管辖区能够减少验证的排放量并删除信用额度 - 只要它们满足全面要求即可。

西摩说scidev.net。This includes stipulations that activities on indigenous territories must be conducted in line with a range of safeguards.

Rights and recourse

Yet, indigenous leaders say they remain wary that net zero proposals will等同于绿色,同时有可能使他们的土地在碳市场的新景观中处于危险之中。

Stanley Kimaren Ole Riamit, executive director of Indigenous Livelihoods Enhancement Partners, in Kenya, said carbon market approaches needed to be tempered with rights for indigenous peoples. He said while governments acknowledged that indigenous peoples were good land stewards and recognised that their land tenure rights were not secure, “the test of the pudding is in the eating”.

Riamit说:“例如,我们在REDD+中看到了保障措施,但是我们还没有看到Redd+的颁布和操作的安全性。”

尼加拉瓜土著人民自治与发展中心的研究与倡导官Eileen Mairena Cunningham,以及针对发展中国家的绿色气候基金观察员,他说,监控这笔钱,以及所掌握的人 - 至关重要。

她说Indigenous Peoples Tracker on GCF Projects是“如此重要”。Tracker由菲律宾政策和研究中心Tebtebba基金会和国际Elatia土著组织网络建立,是一个平台,致力于监视土著人民领土上的绿色气候基金批准的项目。

西摩说,尽管森林抵消辩论有两极分化的风险,但仍有讨论和分歧的空间。

Seymour说:“您可以共同获得[碳信用额和土著权利],并以一种使土著社区受益的方式找到碳信用额的方法。”“这很容易吗?不,但是必须这样做,因为当然没有人赞成剥夺土著人民的碳信用额。

“但是,如果没有碳信贷和随之而来的财务,就很难想象我们如何激励政府投资保护森林,否则这些森林可能会通过像往常一样允许森林砍伐来继续造成就业和税收收入和政治投票。因为现在所有这些东西都驱动着森林砍伐。”

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