04/11/19
拉丁美洲预算削减对科学的巨大打击
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拉丁美洲预算削减对科学的巨大打击
By: SciDev.Net Reporter
“When my dad died of Argentine hemorrhagic fever I was only six years old. It was a very hard blow for all the family. At that time, there was not an available vaccine,” recalls Juan Sarasola, mayor of Casilda, a town in Argentina’s Santa Fe province.
他补充说：“感谢[Julio] Maiztegui医生和他的团队，制造了一种疫苗，并在我们地区挽救了数千人的生命，那里的发烧是流行的。”
This year, 40 years after the first steps in that vaccine development, its production has been stopped in Argentina due to economic woes. Three machines used to produce it have broken and, amid rising inflation and unpredictable exchange rates, replacing them at a cost of US$267,000 looks unlikely.
“……暂停研究的影响对于社会来说是巨大的，因为我们将失去前景和想法，以实现更美好的未来。”
Hebe Vessuri, social anthropologist
There are currently only 140,000 doses of the vaccine in the country — insufficient to meet the needs of the population for the next year, according to the Maiztegui National Human Viral Diseases Institute. The vaccine is the only one in the world against Argentine hemorrhagic fever and shortages would put around five million people at risk, warn three national medical organisations in a联合声明. Since 2007, the vaccine has been mandatory for Argentineans aged 15 or over who live, work or transit through endemic areas.
Inside the Maiztegui institute, in Pergamino city, the clock is ticking: even if new equipment for vaccine production appears, the scientists there say they would need about eight months to reset the industry and three more to generate 80,000 doses. That, plus the existing 140,000, they say, could be enough to last up to 2020. The question is, when will the new equipment be up and running?
The National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes (ANLIS) in Argentina — the public body which oversees the Maiztegui institute — toldSciDev.Net, that a public procurement process was under way for purchasing the equipment but nobody could be sure whether it would be available this year. ANLIS also insisted that the existing stock of 140,000 doses would cover 2020 demand.
![2_FotoProduccionVacunaFHA[72584]](http://m.caisenvip.com/wp-content/uploads/site_assets/2_fotoproduccionvacunafha_72584_.jpg)
Nevertheless, in their joint statement, the Argentine Society of Vaccinology and Epidemiology, the Argentine Society of Virology, and Argentine Association of Microbiology urged national health authorities to act to “assure continuity in vaccine production in Argentina in a timely manner”.
Zika研究受到威胁
In Brazil, there are also threats to scientific progress due to the recently announced budget cuts of thousands of science grants. Research into whether chloroquine, a drug used against malaria and autoimmune diseases, could inhibit Zika virus replication — and associated risks such as microcephaly — could be abandoned as a result.
So far this year (up to 30 September), Brazil has registered 9,813 Zika cases, according to health ministry figures, 447 of which were pregnant women. Two deaths were registered in Paraiba state and there are 1,649 more suspected cases.
遗传学家罗德里戈·布林迪罗（Rodrigo BrindeiroSciDev.Netthat because the drug is already approved for use even in pregnant women and is toxin-free, the cost of continuing with it “is hundreds of times less than investing in new ones”.
他承认：“但是，如果我们继续这样做，我们将无法继续进行研究。”他还指出，自国家科学技术发展理事会（CNPQ）决定由于缺乏资源而决定暂停84,000名研究人员的资金以来，Damocles的剑悬挂在该国成千上万的科学家。
自2016年以来，在巴西科学和技术领域的支出一直在下降，但2019年是过去四年中最糟糕的：科学，技术，创新和传播部的预算约为750,000美元，是2010年的三分之一。
These are just two examples of how budget cuts and declining investment in science, technology and innovation are increasingly becoming the norm in the region, with damaging consequences for research and innovation.
“Although some ignorant cynics could argue that nothing will happen if you stop financing science and technology in our region, the impact of suspending research is huge for societies because we would lose direction and ideas for a brighter future,” says Hebe Vessuri, a social anthropologist who won the 2017 Bernardo Houssay award for her work in Argentinean social sciences.
Consuri现在是波哥大哥伦比亚洛杉矶大学的客座教授和委内瑞拉科学研究学院的名誉研究员。她认为，对科学技术的公共投资至关重要，“继续进行预算削减将使我们进入联盟的底层”。
委内瑞拉研究停止了
Additionally, since 2009 public and autonomous universities have received no funding for research, only resources to pay salaries. Facilities and laboratories at these institutions look abandoned and ruined. In some cases, they can only keep going thanks to donations from former fellows now living abroad.
The bioterium at the Central University of Venezuela’s school of medicine, which used to be an elite place for raising animals and scientific trials, now has no animals. A similar situation can be seen at Simón Bolívar University, where 32 years of genetic heritage is at stake.
Biologist Yenis Pérez, who works there, says her project, a vaccine made of recombinant proteins in animals to control parasitic diseases in cattle, is almost paralysed. Researchers only work when they have reagents and the equipment is usable.
Pérez’s research could help prevent humans from becoming infected after consuming contaminated meat and milk. In the past five years, cows in Venezuela have been attacked by parasites, leading to a drop in the production and quality of dairy products and meat.
她说：“我们只有科学家的毅力。”SciDev.Net. “We work with enthusiastic students despite the horrible situation. Even so, it is really hard to make progress.”
In December 2006, Nieves Canudas, a chemistry professor at Simón Bolívar University, received US$1,302,325 (2,800 million bolívars) after her project won an award from the Science Mission and National Science and Technology Fund. The aim was to develop an ointment that can destroy pathogens from the skin of people suffering from burns.
She used that money to buy equipment and supplies. However, in the past year, Canudas has had to halt her research because of broken equipment which she didn’t have the budget to repair.
“我们没有钱来完成我们的项目。我们需要90,000 bolivars, but now that amount is not enough for our needs. Nor would it cover bioterium trials,” says Canudas.
Rising hyperinflation has worsened the purchasing power of the local currency. In 2017 those 90,000 bolívars represented half of a minimum salary. After the second reconversion in 2018 which took out another five zeros, Canuda couldn’t even buy a metro ticket with that amount.
大脑排水风险
Located in the Campinas area of Sao Paulo, the CNPEM/ Sirius facilities have many applications, from studying rocks in oil to raise oil production, to computer tomographies that can improve cancer diagnosis and pave the way to new treatments.
Sirius has been planned since 2012 and developed entirely in Brazil. It is set to be the second active fourth-generation particle accelerator after Sweden’s MAX IV, which opened in 2016. France is building another, expected to be in operation by 2021, while Japan and the United States are also modernising their synchrotron light sources.
物理学家和前CNPEM总统罗杰里奥·德·塞尔奎拉·莱特（Rogerio de Cerqueira Leite）认为，小天狼星是“不仅对巴西和拉丁美洲科学，而且在全球范围内也是超越的飞跃”。他补充说：“这是巴西科学家的自尊心的重要项目，因为我们始终落后于欧洲和美国，而这个项目使巴西与发达国家处于同一地点。”
But he doesn´t know how bad the continuous science budget cuts could be. “Other places in the world are always trying to hire our researchers. If we can’t keep them here, other accelerators in the world will take advantage of the situation, which could be good for some of them but ugly for Brazil,” he explains.
“在不确定的景观中，很难维持高素质的工人。在短期内，有明显的风险打断了研究中心和公司的生产链，”he warns.
塞尔奎拉·莱特（Cerqueira Leite）担心，重新分配预算可能还不够，并补充说：“如果我们拆除已经拥有的东西，将需要20到30年才能恢复。”
“在不确定的景观中，很难维持高素质的工人。在短期内，有明显的风险打断了研究中心和公司的生产链，”
Rogerio de Cerqueira Leite，物理学家兼前CNPEM总裁
‘General ignorance’
On the other hand, Vessuri notes that the region has a number of unused science and technology facilities, and “we should take advantage of those facilities and use them in a creative way.”
她补充说：“不幸的是，我们认为，当局和政治家的自我贬低过程的一部分是拆除以如此努力建立的能力的严重风险。”
Babies dying
在秘鲁似乎是这种情况，那里有各种公共融资计划来促进技术创新。但是，与此同时，人口无法获得技术，即使是老式的，例如孵化器，监视器和注入泵的早产婴儿，卫生部的Zulema Tomas承认，他们在9月在国家祝贺上发表讲话。
This is the reason why 30 babies died in the first three months of 2019 at the Regional Hospital at Lambayeque in the north of the country, which lacked the budget to repair and buy more incubators, according to hospital sources.
共和国审计长办公室证实，一百万个鞋底（约300,000美元）（占新生儿学预算的一半）已被用来为工人购买圣诞盒子。
在这种绝望的景观中，一些声音呼吁将公共投资在科学和技术方面共同放弃。但是对于Dutrénit来说，“不是时间”。她说：“我认为私人投资无法代替我们国家的公共投资。”
她说，拉丁美洲国家在开发科学和技术基础设施方面还有很长的路要走，以达到维持自己所需的“临界质量”。她总结说：“这不仅需要领导，而且要强调需要投资的发展和社会福利的领域，而且因为公司将始终受到利润的驱动。”
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“When my dad died of Argentine hemorrhagic fever I was only six years old. It was a very hard blow for all the family. At that time, there was not an available vaccine,” recalls Juan Sarasola, mayor of Casilda, a town in Argentina’s Santa Fe province.
他补充说：“感谢[Julio] Maiztegui医生和他的团队，制造了一种疫苗，并在我们地区挽救了数千人的生命，那里的发烧是流行的。”
This year, 40 years after the first steps in that vaccine development, its production has been stopped in Argentina due to economic woes. Three machines used to produce it have broken and, amid rising inflation and unpredictable exchange rates, replacing them at a cost of US$267,000 looks unlikely.
“……暂停研究的影响对于社会来说是巨大的，因为我们将失去前景和想法，以实现更美好的未来。”
Hebe Vessuri, social anthropologist
There are currently only 140,000 doses of the vaccine in the country — insufficient to meet the needs of the population for the next year, according to the Maiztegui National Human Viral Diseases Institute. The vaccine is the only one in the world against Argentine hemorrhagic fever and shortages would put around five million people at risk, warn three national medical organisations in a联合声明. Since 2007, the vaccine has been mandatory for Argentineans aged 15 or over who live, work or transit through endemic areas.
Inside the Maiztegui institute, in Pergamino city, the clock is ticking: even if new equipment for vaccine production appears, the scientists there say they would need about eight months to reset the industry and three more to generate 80,000 doses. That, plus the existing 140,000, they say, could be enough to last up to 2020. The question is, when will the new equipment be up and running?
The National Administration of Laboratories and Health Institutes (ANLIS) in Argentina — the public body which oversees the Maiztegui institute — toldSciDev.Net, that a public procurement process was under way for purchasing the equipment but nobody could be sure whether it would be available this year. ANLIS also insisted that the existing stock of 140,000 doses would cover 2020 demand.
Nevertheless, in their joint statement, the Argentine Society of Vaccinology and Epidemiology, the Argentine Society of Virology, and Argentine Association of Microbiology urged national health authorities to act to “assure continuity in vaccine production in Argentina in a timely manner”.
Zika研究受到威胁
In Brazil, there are also threats to scientific progress due to the recently announced budget cuts of thousands of science grants. Research into whether chloroquine, a drug used against malaria and autoimmune diseases, could inhibit Zika virus replication — and associated risks such as microcephaly — could be abandoned as a result.
So far this year (up to 30 September), Brazil has registered 9,813 Zika cases, according to health ministry figures, 447 of which were pregnant women. Two deaths were registered in Paraiba state and there are 1,649 more suspected cases.
遗传学家罗德里戈·布林迪罗（Rodrigo BrindeiroSciDev.Netthat because the drug is already approved for use even in pregnant women and is toxin-free, the cost of continuing with it “is hundreds of times less than investing in new ones”.
他承认：“但是，如果我们继续这样做，我们将无法继续进行研究。”他还指出，自国家科学技术发展理事会（CNPQ）决定由于缺乏资源而决定暂停84,000名研究人员的资金以来，Damocles的剑悬挂在该国成千上万的科学家。
自2016年以来，在巴西科学和技术领域的支出一直在下降，但2019年是过去四年中最糟糕的：科学，技术，创新和传播部的预算约为750,000美元，是2010年的三分之一。
These are just two examples of how budget cuts and declining investment in science, technology and innovation are increasingly becoming the norm in the region, with damaging consequences for research and innovation.
“Although some ignorant cynics could argue that nothing will happen if you stop financing science and technology in our region, the impact of suspending research is huge for societies because we would lose direction and ideas for a brighter future,” says Hebe Vessuri, a social anthropologist who won the 2017 Bernardo Houssay award for her work in Argentinean social sciences.
Consuri现在是波哥大哥伦比亚洛杉矶大学的客座教授和委内瑞拉科学研究学院的名誉研究员。她认为，对科学技术的公共投资至关重要，“继续进行预算削减将使我们进入联盟的底层”。
委内瑞拉研究停止了
Additionally, since 2009 public and autonomous universities have received no funding for research, only resources to pay salaries. Facilities and laboratories at these institutions look abandoned and ruined. In some cases, they can only keep going thanks to donations from former fellows now living abroad.
The bioterium at the Central University of Venezuela’s school of medicine, which used to be an elite place for raising animals and scientific trials, now has no animals. A similar situation can be seen at Simón Bolívar University, where 32 years of genetic heritage is at stake.
Biologist Yenis Pérez, who works there, says her project, a vaccine made of recombinant proteins in animals to control parasitic diseases in cattle, is almost paralysed. Researchers only work when they have reagents and the equipment is usable.
Pérez’s research could help prevent humans from becoming infected after consuming contaminated meat and milk. In the past five years, cows in Venezuela have been attacked by parasites, leading to a drop in the production and quality of dairy products and meat.
她说：“我们只有科学家的毅力。”SciDev.Net. “We work with enthusiastic students despite the horrible situation. Even so, it is really hard to make progress.”
In December 2006, Nieves Canudas, a chemistry professor at Simón Bolívar University, received US$1,302,325 (2,800 million bolívars) after her project won an award from the Science Mission and National Science and Technology Fund. The aim was to develop an ointment that can destroy pathogens from the skin of people suffering from burns.
She used that money to buy equipment and supplies. However, in the past year, Canudas has had to halt her research because of broken equipment which she didn’t have the budget to repair.
“我们没有钱来完成我们的项目。我们需要90,000 bolivars, but now that amount is not enough for our needs. Nor would it cover bioterium trials,” says Canudas.
Rising hyperinflation has worsened the purchasing power of the local currency. In 2017 those 90,000 bolívars represented half of a minimum salary. After the second reconversion in 2018 which took out another five zeros, Canuda couldn’t even buy a metro ticket with that amount.
大脑排水风险
Located in the Campinas area of Sao Paulo, the CNPEM/ Sirius facilities have many applications, from studying rocks in oil to raise oil production, to computer tomographies that can improve cancer diagnosis and pave the way to new treatments.
Sirius has been planned since 2012 and developed entirely in Brazil. It is set to be the second active fourth-generation particle accelerator after Sweden’s MAX IV, which opened in 2016. France is building another, expected to be in operation by 2021, while Japan and the United States are also modernising their synchrotron light sources.
物理学家和前CNPEM总统罗杰里奥·德·塞尔奎拉·莱特（Rogerio de Cerqueira Leite）认为，小天狼星是“不仅对巴西和拉丁美洲科学，而且在全球范围内也是超越的飞跃”。他补充说：“这是巴西科学家的自尊心的重要项目，因为我们始终落后于欧洲和美国，而这个项目使巴西与发达国家处于同一地点。”
But he doesn´t know how bad the continuous science budget cuts could be. “Other places in the world are always trying to hire our researchers. If we can’t keep them here, other accelerators in the world will take advantage of the situation, which could be good for some of them but ugly for Brazil,” he explains.
“在不确定的景观中，很难维持高素质的工人。在短期内，有明显的风险打断了研究中心和公司的生产链，”he warns.
塞尔奎拉·莱特（Cerqueira Leite）担心，重新分配预算可能还不够，并补充说：“如果我们拆除已经拥有的东西，将需要20到30年才能恢复。”
“在不确定的景观中，很难维持高素质的工人。在短期内，有明显的风险打断了研究中心和公司的生产链，”
Rogerio de Cerqueira Leite，物理学家兼前CNPEM总裁
‘General ignorance’
On the other hand, Vessuri notes that the region has a number of unused science and technology facilities, and “we should take advantage of those facilities and use them in a creative way.”
她补充说：“不幸的是，我们认为，当局和政治家的自我贬低过程的一部分是拆除以如此努力建立的能力的严重风险。”
Babies dying
在秘鲁似乎是这种情况，那里有各种公共融资计划来促进技术创新。但是，与此同时，人口无法获得技术，即使是老式的，例如孵化器，监视器和注入泵的早产婴儿，卫生部的Zulema Tomas承认，他们在9月在国家祝贺上发表讲话。
This is the reason why 30 babies died in the first three months of 2019 at the Regional Hospital at Lambayeque in the north of the country, which lacked the budget to repair and buy more incubators, according to hospital sources.
共和国审计长办公室证实，一百万个鞋底（约300,000美元）（占新生儿学预算的一半）已被用来为工人购买圣诞盒子。
在这种绝望的景观中，一些声音呼吁将公共投资在科学和技术方面共同放弃。但是对于Dutrénit来说，“不是时间”。她说：“我认为私人投资无法代替我们国家的公共投资。”
她说，拉丁美洲国家在开发科学和技术基础设施方面还有很长的路要走，以达到维持自己所需的“临界质量”。她总结说：“这不仅需要领导，而且要强调需要投资的发展和社会福利的领域，而且因为公司将始终受到利润的驱动。”
有关资金的更多信息
