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16/03/16

不丹寻求替代能源

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By:Deependra PourelandNicola Pearson

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不断变化的冰川，不断变化的经济和环境忧虑迫使不丹人质疑他们对水力发电的依赖是否是前进的beplay足球体育的微博方法。获胜者INASP/scidev.netdata challenge is a story of a solar water heater (SWH) installation at the Tenzinling hotel in Paro. The hope is to encourage similar domestic installations throughout the country.

Thirty years ago, Bhutan, a country of around 780,000 people, saw an opportunity to move away from an agriculture-based economy by harnessing fast-flowing rivers and mountainous gullies to produce valuable hydroelectricity.

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不丹周围的五个主要水印物主要通过印度的赠款和贷款资助，现在最多可产生1,500兆瓦（MW）的电力，约占其潜在水力发电能力30,000兆瓦的5％。作为两国之间正在进行的文化和经济关系的一部分，在2015 - 16年期间，不丹将从印度获得不到1亿美元的收入。作为回报，不丹将其水力发电的大约75％出口到渴望能量的邻居。

大量的清洁能源鼓励两国于2009年承诺在2020年在不丹生产10,000兆瓦的水力发电，其中包括计划额外的12种工厂。第一个是达加纳（Dagana）的达加胡（Dagachhu），于2015年开始运营。

Kurichhu（2001），Basochhu（2005）和Tala（2009）之后，第一个Chukha工厂于1986年开始运营。截至2014年初，已经实现了10,000兆瓦的目标中的五分之一。悬停在水电站（蓝点）以获取更多信息或click here to expand the map。

太高的新成本

But growing concerns about the hydroplants’ environmental impact — particularly the dams and the methane produced as submerged vegetation rots — and the upheaval of communities displaced by construction, have raised doubts about whether the hydropower target is realistic.

延迟季风、季风失败和通过减少er snowfall already affect the flow of Bhutan’s rivers. Uncertainties around climate change and its impact on Himalayan glaciers, whose meltwater raises river levels in summer, add to concerns over future hydropower production and whether putting all the country’s eggs in one (energy) basket is too high a risk.

Bhutan-gif-485px.gif
1980 - 2010年，不丹喜马拉雅山冰川融化。回收蓝色区域是冰川损失的地方。如果减少水的不丹河流，那么水力发电水平就会变得不确定，从而影响了该国已经债务的经济。

最近，在建造Punatsangchhu-i工厂的建设期间，地质问题不可预见，导致螺旋成本从350亿至940亿个Ngultrums（5.2亿美元至14亿美元）。这将直接影响债务比和单位电力的未来成本。2020年项目的这一部分已被推迟到2019年。

Bhutan also urgently needs to create jobs outside the power sector for its increasingly educated and urban population. Electricity demand is rising, due to a rural electrification project that has succeeded in connecting an estimated 93 per cent of households to the electricity grid. Growing tourism also creates more demand for electricity, particularly from hotels looking to encourage visitors with comfortable facilities.

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最终，水力发电是季节性的，在寒冷的冬季，当河流自然较低时，不丹无法满足国内电力需求。这一短缺意味着它必须以更高的成本从印度回购电力。

国内总生产总值的传统优先事项包括关注可持续的社会经济发展和环境保护，这意味着严格包含工业化。beplay足球体育的微博

由于城市化和旅游业的增加，不丹的能源消耗持续增长。不丹是世界上为数不多的碳排放负数的国家之一。目前，其产生的碳远低于其森林所吸收的碳。

In addition, people in rural areas (more than 60 per cent of the population) who are not connected to the grid burn wood to cook, produce animal fodder and keep warm, producing carbon dioxide. Fuel wood is also heavily used for industrial production, agro- and forest products, road construction and in hospitals, schools, military camps and monasteries.

因此，寻找可再生能源（例如太阳能和风能）的替代来源已成为减少该国对水力发电并切割二氧化碳排放的优先事项。

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尽管尼泊尔具有巨大的水电潜力，但仍有能源危机。国内需求峰值约为1,300兆瓦，但仅产生约770兆瓦的电力。削减功率很常见，尤其是在冬季，人们跌落在柴油发电机上以获得动力。

Fuel shortages impact everyday life and particularly hospitals and health clinics, which rely on diesel generators during outages in energy supply.

利用太阳能帮助尼泊尔农村地区的几家医院和诊所取代了对柴油的需求。

太阳能成功新 - 罚款

加德满都山谷Kirtipur医院的伯恩斯单位由2.8kW的光伏系统提供动力。即使柴油运转较低，安装和保持两个经营剧院和重症监护室的运行费用为10,000美元。

“太阳能甚至wh帮助我们运行我们的服务en we experience energy problems, we don’t have to send away any of our patients in the burns unit who need emergency care,” says hospital doctor Shankar Rai. He says the hospital is now planning to upgrade the system to 30kW in the near future.

  • Power generated from solar powered systems in Nepal

  • Total supply from solar: 50mW
  • Small systems installed in homes: 15mW
  • 2,000 systems installed in schools, health centres and small and medium businesses like hotels: 6mW
  • 电信公司使用的大型太阳能系统：40MW


尼泊尔西部农村地区的Acham区的拜拉帕塔医院一直在运行太阳能光伏系统，即使三到四天没有电网电力，该系统即使没有电网电力也可以为医院设备和机械提供备用电源。该系统还确保维护Internet访问。

尽管尼泊尔随后的政府仅着重于利用该国的水力潜力，但持续的燃料短缺迫使政策制定者朝着混合能源模型迈进。太阳能直到十年前才用于与网格无关的社区的照明，现在在农村地区，城市房屋和中小型企业中越来越多地使用。

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2015年，在尼泊尔和不丹的欧盟资助的可持续和高效工业发展计划的技术专家Deependra Pourel开发了一个项目，以测试在Tenzinling Hotel在Tenzinling Hotel厨房的太阳能热水器（SWH）实用性的实用性Paro, home to Bhutan’s only international airport.

The project was designed to pilot SWH use in the tourism sector, to help the hotel save grid energy and money, and improve its environmental performance. Data from the project will also be used to test the feasibility of rolling out similar installations elsewhere in Bhutan.

Three solar collector panels were placed on the roof facing true south at 45°. A thermal tank of 300 litres was fitted below the roof in a store room. A glycol mix feeds into the system. Ambient fresh water flows into the thermal tank and is heated by heat transfer from the hot glycol. The heated water flows from the top of the thermal tank to two points of use – the kitchen and the pantry. Software connected to the Internet generates real-time data, monitoring the power of the solar collector and the energy generated. Use the scroll bar to see the full data set orclick here to expand。

在冬季，paro的温度下降至-4摄氏度以下。该酒店有21间卧室和一间餐厅，提供早餐和晚餐。厨房努力应付对洗衣服和洗衣服的需求。即使在安装SWH之后，热水仍在每天3pm耗尽。Pourel和他的团队确定这是由于使用模式 - 所有的洗衣和洗涤都是同时进行的 - 以及使用的水龙头类型。水龙头的流速为每分钟20升，因此在不到一个小时的时间内用尽了热水。

Weather data over 12 months, including this graph showing cloud cover, provided by the Department of Hydromet Services illustrates the predictability of Bhutan’s climate, which produces a steady irradiance of around 5kW/m2, with the highest irradiance between November to January. Pourel's solar installation was adapted to winter conditions, such as the position of the sun. Although cloud cover is thicker during the summer, adapting the angle of the panels, for example, means solar heating is viable all year.单击此处扩展。

太阳能项目的成功使Pourel能够为工作人员设计时间表，例如，工作人员交错的杂务，使水加热并存储在热水箱中。他还建议在装满的水槽中洗碗，并使用低流水龙头。

“旅游业对不丹的经济至关重要，利用太阳能将使它更具可持续性。不丹拥有5kW/m的良好辐照度2我们应该兑现这一点。目前，很少有人使用太阳能。我们需要提高人们的理解，即它可以对他们有用，并且利用自由且丰富的可再生能源将减少燃烧木材的排放，增加我们可用的水力发电以出口并降低我们所有人进口电力的成本。”

Deependra Pourel is the winner of a data challenge offered to INASP-supported researchers to encourage collaboration between journalists and academics to produce data-driven stories. Deependra is a professional architect interested in integrating renewable energy into the built environment.His Bhutanese project was jointly funded by SEID, Jattu Solar Battec and the Tenzinling resort and spa
。
Images thanks to: Tashi Penjor, James Morgan, Brian Sokol and Panos.

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